Appropriation of parish churches in medieval Scotland

It has long been realised that the appropriation of parish churches - a process which involved the diversion of parochial revenues to other religious institutions or persons - was one of the greatest flaws in the structure of the medieval church in Scotland. To modern minds the practice may indeed seem indefensible, but even allowing for the fact that from the medieval standpoint, the system may be partly justified, it is unquestionably true that the evils of the practice, which could not but seriously weaken the structure of the pre - Reformation church were realised even before the Reformation itself.As the evils of a prooriation have long been recognised, so too has it been accepted that this system was much more widespread in Scotland than in most other countries, Switzerland alone, it has been suggested, possessing a comparable rate of annexations.1 While it has been agreed, however, that the ratio of appropriated to free parsonages must have been very high in Scotland, all attempts to give any definite set of figures have advanced little beyond the conjecture made by David Masson that of the nine hundred to one thousand parishes of medieval Scotland, almost seven hundred of these were annexed to some foundation or prebend leaving approximately two hundred and sixty free parsonages. This and similar assessments all had their drawbacks, since it was evident that even allowing for unions, that medieval Scotland possessed more than one thousand parishes, while it was equally difficult to find over two hundred independent parsonages.Nevertheless, just as the student of the medieval church in Scotland suffered, until quite recently,2 from the lack. of a reliable guide to the religious foundations of that period, so too is there no accurate account of the growth of the parochial system in Scotland. Certain parts of the country are indeed better served than others in this respect and two works in particular deserve honourable mention. These works are of course Caledonia 3 and Origines Parochiales Scotiae.4 The compiler of the first, George Chalmers,may well have laboured "under the disadvantages of defective scholarship ",1 but it is unwise to completely reject this work, which while maintaining a high accuracy in certain parishes, especially in Ayrshire and the south -west, also embodies several rentals which are no longer extant. Likewise, that other valuable and much more scholarly work the Origines Parochiales contains rentals drawn from the Books of Assumption, which are no longer contained either in the National Library or the General Register House copies of these valuations.Both these works give some indication of the incidence of appropriation in certain areas, but not unnaturally the information available in both these volumes has been vastly supplemented by the large amount of material which has been since made available through the examination of the Vatican archives. Nevertheless, had such works existed for the whole country, it ,,rould have been comparatively easy to give some indication of the total number of appropriated churches. In the absence of such --orks, however, it.has been necessary in the past to fall back on lists given in volumes, such as Gordon's Monasticon or Walcott's Scoti- Monasticon, both of which are incomplete, undocumented and wholly unreliable.It was on such lists that the editors of the Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae appear to have been dependent, and while the supplementary volume does give valuable information on certain parishes, it is again highly selective, and no overall picture of aopropriations can be gained. Regional studies have of course their importance, but even in this sphere only too many do little more than to work over older listsald very few possess adequate documentation.It was in the light of this rather unsatisfactory evidence that an attempt has been made to complete a survey of all the parishes of medieval Scotland and in so doing to trace who in the final instance enjoyed the parocl..ial revenues. _, ch an 1 r : :e:_tt:ig.tion v further cu.plicated, ,however, .by the fact that in many instances both parsonage and vicarage revenues were diverted from their parish of origin, and this factor, which has largely been ignored in the pest and has led to many incongruous statements in previous lists, has in itself proved no mean task.This study which has now been completed, and is presented as an append `__. to this thesis,1 gives a fully documented account of all the parishes of medieval Scotland, and shows that pre -Reformation Scotland possessed 1136 parishes during the medieval period although due to unions this figure had been reduced by 108to give a final figure of 1028 parishes at the Reformation. Such an analysis cannot, however, claim to be definitive but it is hoped that this initial compilation will provide the basis for a fuller, and possibly more accurate, study of the parochial structure of the medieval church in Scotland.More pertinent to the task on hand, however, the figure of 1028 parishes does provide a basis upon which the incidence of appropriation can be calculated. On the strength of those calculations and information derived from a complete analysis of the available evidence, it has been found that only 14+8 of the remaining parishes appear to have been free parsonages and thus 880 or approximately 86 percent of the parish churches had their parsonage revenues diverted to some other source. Moreover, of those appropriated parishes, it would appear that at least 56 percent had their vicarage revenues also annexed.When it is realised that the corresponding rate of annexation in England was but 37 percent of the total,2 the very magnitude of the figures first quoted can be appreciated. It is obvious, moreover, that any study of the medieval church in Scotland cannot ignore the study of appropriations, which were in themselves to dominate the organisation of the church for so long, and were destined to leave a legacy with.which successive generations of reformers were to grapple.It is with the various .problems which appropriation raised with particular emphasis upon the incidence and pattern of such annexations and the service of the appropriated churches_ themselves)that this study is principally concerned. The problem is dealt with as one relatip9 to Scotland but sight should never be lost of the fact that this study is only part of a much wider examination of a movement which not only effected Ecclesiae Scoticanae but also the whole Church Universal

Ecology and Northern Development

Technological man has introduced disturbances within the northern ecosystems in which the native peoples were a dynamic element, removing from the natural resources annually only what they could use. Establishment of permanent settlements in the Middle and Far North will depend on the effective management of the natural resources. The production of caribou, musk-oxen and moose as meat animals, the fur-bearers, and the North as a breeding ground for migratory birds, are discussed in terms of environment, as are pesticides and other pollutants, conservation for recreational purposes etc

Court Review: Volume 39, Issue 4 - The Day SARS Came to Town: The Court’s Role in Preventing Epidemics

PROTOCOL FOR HPPA APPLICATIONS IN THE DAVIS COURT BY THE MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALT

Spitzer/MIPS 24 μm Observations of HD 209458b: Three Eclipses, Two and a Half Transits, and a Phase Curve Corrupted by Instrumental Sensitivity Variations

We report the results of an analysis of all Spitzer/MIPS 24 μm observations of HD 209458b, one of the touchstone objects in the study of irradiated giant planet atmospheres. Altogether, we analyze two and a half transits, three eclipses, and a 58 hr near-continuous observation designed to detect the planet's thermal phase curve. The results of our analysis are: (1) a mean transit depth of 1.484% ± 0.033%, consistent with previous measurements and showing no evidence of variability in transit depth at the 3% level. (2) A mean eclipse depth of 0.338% ± 0.026%, somewhat higher than that previously reported for this system; this new value brings observations into better agreement with models. From this eclipse depth we estimate an average dayside brightness temperature of 1320 ± 80 K; the dayside flux shows no evidence of variability at the 12% level. (3) Eclipses in the system occur 32 ± 129 s earlier than would be expected from a circular orbit, which constrains the orbital quantity ecos ω to be 0.00004 ± 0.00033. This result is fully consistent with a circular orbit and sets an upper limit of 140 m s^(–1) (3σ) on any eccentricity-induced velocity offset during transit. The phase curve observations (including one of the transits) exhibit an anomalous trend similar to the detector ramp seen in previous Spitzer/IRAC observations; by modeling this ramp we recover the system parameters for this transit. The long-duration photometry which follows the ramp and transit exhibits a gradual ~0.2% decrease in flux over ~30 hr. This effect is similar to that seen in pre-launch calibration data taken with the 24 μm array and is better fit by an instrumental model than a model invoking planetary emission. The large uncertainties associated with this poorly understood, likely instrumental effect prevent us from usefully constraining the planet's thermal phase curve. Our observations highlight the need for a thorough understanding of detector-related instrumental effects on long timescales when making the high-precision mid-infrared measurements planned for future missions such as EChO, SPICA, and the James Webb Space Telescope

The importance of disaggregating within-person changes and individual differences among internalized motives, self-esteem and self-efficacy

Grounded in self-determination theory, this study examined the implications of differentiating between within-person weekly changes and between-person differences in average levels of autonomy support and internalized motivation for one’s self-esteem and self-efficacy. Thirty-nine adults who were socially disadvantaged and unemployed completed weekly questionnaire assessments over 11-weeks of a sports-based educational program. Multilevel modeling revealed that within-person changes in perceptions of autonomy support positively predicted identified regulation and introjected regulation; however, between-person differences in perceived autonomy support predicted identified regulation only. Within-person changes in introjected regulation positively predicted global self-esteem and self-efficacy towards future employment in coaching; however, between-person differences in introjected regulation negatively predicted self-esteem and self-efficacy. In contrast, within-person changes in identified regulation, as well as between-person differences, were positively associated with self-efficacy. Between-person differences in identified regulation also positively predicted self-esteem. It was also demonstrated that many of these contrasting relationships are hidden if the different processes are not disaggregated. As a result, we propose that different internalization processes exist which depend on whether within-person changes or sustained levels of motivation are explored

‘I’m proud of what I achieved; I’m also ashamed of what I done’: a soccer coach’s tale of sport, status, and criminal behaviour

The purpose of this study was to explore the life of John (a pseudonym), a soccer coach working with disadvantaged young people. Six open-ended life history interviews over a ten week period ranging between 45 and 75 min were conducted. John described how soccer was fully entwined with aspects of his former delinquent and criminal lifestyle, including missing school lessons to play soccer, the fusion of soccer and youth violence, and competing in teams with local criminals. On the other hand, a soccer programme for people with limited opportunities helped him leave behind a life of delinquency, gang fighting, and selling drugs. Moreover, he came to understand that soccer could help him satisfy his desire for social recognition and fit with a relational narrative in a more socially legitimate way. This study provides an insight into how soccer was used to thwart a soccer coach’s formal criminal lifestyle, and also warns against uncritical assumptions that sport can serve as a panacea for deviant behaviour

The End Of Nucleosynthesis: Production Of Lead And Thorium In The Early Galaxy

We examine the Pb and Th abundances in 27 metal-poor stars (-3.1 56) enrichment was produced only by the rapid (r-) nucleosynthesis process. New abundances are derived from Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, Keck/High Resolution Echelle Spectrograph, and Very Large Telescope/UV-Visual Echelle Spectrograph spectra and combined with other measurements from the literature to form a more complete picture of nucleosynthesis of the heaviest elements produced in the r-process. In all cases, the abundance ratios among the rare earth elements and the third r-process peak elements considered (La, Eu, Er, Hf, and Ir) are constant and equivalent to the scaled solar system r-process abundance distribution. We compare the stellar observations with r-process calculations within the classical "waiting-point" approximation. In these computations a superposition of 15 weighted neutron-density components in the range 23 <= log n(n) <= 30 is fit to the r-process abundance peaks to successfully reproduce both the stable solar system isotopic distribution and the stable heavy element abundance pattern between Ba and U in low-metallicity stars. Under these astrophysical conditions, which are typical of the "main" r-process, we find very good agreement between the stellar Pb r-process abundances and those predicted by our model. For stars with anomalously high Th/Eu ratios (the so-called actinide boost), our observations demonstrate that any nucleosynthetic deviations from the main r-process affect-at most-only the elements beyond the third r-process peak, namely Pb, Th, and U. Our theoretical calculations also indicate that possible r-process abundance "losses" by nuclear fission are negligible for isotopes along the r-process path between Pb and the long-lived radioactive isotopes of Th and U.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft KR 806/13-1Helmholtz Gemeinschaft VH-VI-061U S National Science Foundation AST 07-07447, AST 06-07708Astronom